Star Plot

 

http://www.ask.com/wiki/Radar_chart

 

A star plot is a graphic representation of the relative behavior of all variables in a multivariate data set. They are used to examine the relative values for a single data point and to locate similar or dissimilar points.

 

The image above is an example star plot from NASA, with some of the most desirable design results represented in the center.

Correlation Matrix

https://particle.phys.uvic.ca/twiki/bin/view/AtlasUVic/ClusterStudies

 

A correlation matrix describes correlation among sets of variables. Correlation Matrices list the variable names down the first column and across the first row. The diagonal of a correlation matrix (the numbers that go from the upper left to the lower right) always consist of ones because these are the correlations between each variable and itself (and a variable is always perfectly correlated with itself).

  

The above image is a correlation matrix showing the correlation between the cluster moments for electrons and pions.

Similarity Matrix

http://tomcat.esat.kuleuven.be/txtgate/tutorial.jsp

 

A similarity matrix is a matrix of values which show the similarities between two data points. The more discolored the data is, the greater the difference is between the two data points. Similarity matrices are heavily related to their counterparts, distance matrices and substitution matrices.

 

The image above is a similarity matrix that shows the analysis of  a group of human genes involved in colon and colorectal cancer.

Stem and Leaf Plot

http://www.uow.edu.au/student/attributes/statlit/modules/module2/shapedist.html

 

 

A stem & leaf plot is a device for presenting quantitative data in a graphical format. A basic stem plot contains two columns separated by a vertical line. The left column contains the stems and the right column contains the leaves. Stem and leaf plots show the frequency with which certain classes of values occur. These values in turn can be used to create a histogram.

 

The image above depicts a stem-and-leaf plot displaying that data on new housing starts in the USA.

 

 

 

Box Plot

http://www.lohninger.com/boxplot.html

 

Box plots, used in descriptive statistics, are a convenient way of depicting data through their five-number summaries: the median, the variability of the data around the median, the skew of the data, the range of the data, and the size of the data set. The plot may be drawn either vertically or horizontally and may also indicate which observations, if any, might be considered outliers. The spacings between the different parts of the box help indicate the degree of dispersion and skewness in the data, and identify outliers.

 

The image above portrays what a typical version of a box plot looks like.

Histogram

http://www.rockware.com/rockworks/revisions/2005_q2.htm

 

 

The histogram is used for variables whose values are numerical and measured on an interval scale. It is generally used when dealing with large data sets.A histogram is a table that displays info as adjacent rectangles. Each rectangle is shown over an interval, with an area equal to the frequency of the interval. The height is equal to the frequency density of that interval.

 

The above image is a histogram that maps the range and variability of slope strikes within a grid model.  This typically corresponds to the directions of ridges and valleys.  In this example, there is a slight trend at zero degrees (North).

 

 

Parallel Coordinate Graph

http://vis.lbl.gov/Events/SC07/Drosophila/

 

 

Parallel Coordinate Graph are maps that provide a way of visualizing high-dimensional geometry and analyzing large sets of multivariate data. One line in the parallel will connect a series of variables of different values.

 

The above image is a Parallel Coordinate Graph that displays a 3D parallel coordinate view of all cells and nine selected genes of the Drosophila species. Using this 3D visualization, spatial and gene expression information are clearly separated while the basic character of spatial gene expression patterns is preserved in one dimension. Besides spatial information we also support display of gene expression information along the third dimension.

Triangular Plot

http://www.ex-parrot.com/~chris/wwwitter/20050407-it_doesnt_matter_how_you_vote_either_way_your_planet_is_doomed.html

 

 

Triangular plots are maps that display information in the shape of a triangle. A triangular plot is based on three variables and depicts the ratios of the three variables as positions on a equilateral triangle.

 

The above image is a triangular plot that is the estimate of the probable outcome of the 2008 election, based on opinion polls found online. The axes of the figure show the estimated fraction of the population intending to vote for each of the major parties; the white circle shows the current estimate from opinion polls. The colored areas show the regions of the plot in which each of the corresponding major parties would win a majority in Parliament.

Windrose

http://www.cumbriasoaringclub.co.uk/SiteManagement/CSC_WindRose.php

 

 

 

The Windrose map, usually used by meteorologist, is similar to a compass and gives detailed views of how wind speed and direction are typically dispersed over a particular location. It will show the direction from which the frequency of winds come from. Each concentric circle displays a different frequency, starting at zero in the center and increasing outward.

 

The above image is a Windrose map showing flying site via wind direction from the perspective of the Cumbria Soaring Club (2001-2013).

Climograph

http://www.colorado.edu/geography/extra/geogweb/bouldercreek-2/preview/page2.html

 

Climographs are maps which graphs monthly temperature and precipitation averages for a location. Precipitation is shown by the bar graph. A line graph depicts temperature.

 

The image above portrays the averaged seasonal changes in Boulder, Colorado in temperature and precipitation.

 

 

 

Population Profile

http://www.ifad.org/operations/regional/pf/aids_1.htm

 

 

A population profile is a map type showing the number of people as a function of their ages. Population profiles gives an analysis representing the extent to which something exhibits various characteristics.

 

The above image is a population profile of the "Projected Population Structure With and Without the AIDS Epidemic, Botswana, 2020".

 

 

Scatterplot

http://www.mzandee.net/~zandee/statistiek/stat-online/chapter4/pearson.html

 

A scatterplot uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. It is displayed as a set of points each one has a value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal, while the other variable determines position on the vertical axis. The scatterplot is used to draw correlations between variables in question.

 

The above image is a scatterplot that displays data for spousal ages, with the Husband's age on the x-axis (the run) and the Wife's age on the y-axis (the rise), and the correlations thereof.

Index Value Plot

http://waterwatch.usgs.gov/new/?m=real&w=plot&r=nm

 

 

An index value plot is a visualization to show minute discrepancies within data information. It can also show performance of data over a period of time, as in, how close a value is to a fixed variable over a period of time.

The image above is an index value plot that shows real-time streamflow compared to historical streamflow for the day of the year observed in New Mexico.

Accumulative Line Graph / Lorenz Curve

http://www.answers.com/topic/lorenz-curve

 

 

The Lorenz Curve (Accumulative Line Graph) is formed by plotting the cumulative distribution of the amount of the variable concerned against the cumulative frequency distribution of the individuals possessing the amount. In the geography realm this map type is used to study biodiversity.

The image above is considered an Accumulative Line Graph / Lorenz Curve. This cumulative frequency curve shows the distribution of a variable such as population against an independent variable such as income or area settled. If the distribution of the dependent variable is equal, the plot will show as a straight, 45° line. Unequal distributions yield a curve.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bilateral Graph

http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/category/environment/pamph/2001/oda.html

 

 

 

A bilateral graph depicts an increase on one side of a zero line and a decrease on the other side. Bilateral graphs are used to display data when there is both positive and negative values. These maps are used for comparisons mainly.

 

 

The image above represents a bilateral graph entitled "Bilateral Technical Cooperation in Japan's Environmental ODA" in which the figures indicate new trainees in each fiscal year for the acceptance of trainees and the total of new and continual assignments for the dispatch of experts and JOCVs.

Nominal Area Choropleth Map

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/natureofgeoinfo/book/export/html/1553

 

 

Nominal area choropleth maps are used to display nominal data in a specific region. This is data includes categories like race, political party, ethnicity, etc.. Data produced by assigning observations into unranked categories are said to be nominal level measurements. Nominal categories can be differentiated and grouped into categories, but cannot logically be ranked from high to low.

 

 

The image above is a Nominal Area Choropleth map that measures the highest percentage of minorities by state here in the U.S.

 

Unstandardized Choropleth Map

http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/308-the-pop-vs-soda-map

 

Unstandardized  Choropleth maps are unordered maps, lacking any true standard variable depiction. Unstandardized choropleth maps show different data based on color and has no numeral order.

 

The above image is an unstandardized choropleth map that depicts the areas where certain usages predominate, be it the use of the terms pop, coke, soda, or other for generic naming of soft drinks in the U.S.

Standardized Choropleth Map

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/92f0138m/2008003/figures/5200001-eng.htm

 

Data in standardized choropleth maps are standardized to allow distribution comparison amongst different areas by the use of different color shades.

 

The image above portrays a standardized choropleth map that shows data from the Census Bureau for the percentage of the population under the age of 14 in 2006 in Canada.

Univariate Choropleth Map

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/oct/07_0091.htm

 

 

 

Univariate choropleth maps only show one set or display of data. Univariate choropleth maps may also be classified as thematic maps.

 

The above image represents a univariate choropleth map and displays data for the percentage of individuals living in poverty, by county, in 2000 in the U.S.

Bivariate Choropleth Map

http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc99/proceed/papers/pap171/p171.htm

 

 

 

Bivariate maps display two variables on a single map and combines two different sets of symbols in the process.

 

The above image is a bivariate choropleth map since the view is a graphic overlay of two maps, with both maps using graduated circle symbols to portray data values on the population in a given region of Ohio in relation to the median house values recorded in such region in the year 1997.

 

 

 

 

 

Unclassed Choropleth Map

http://www.esds.ac.uk/international/support/user_guides/gisoverview.asp#choropleth

An unclasssed choropleth map shows statistical data in color values and shading moving from light to dark with light colors portraying smaller values.

 

The image above is a unclassed choropleth map that shows population attribute data from Poland.

Classed Choropleth Map

http://my.ilstu.edu/~jrcarter/Geo204/Choro/

 

 

Classed Choropleth Maps are a type of map that selected areas are shaded or colored to reflect that specific area within specific boundaries. In these maps it is the value range of a numeric attribute that is divided into differently colored intervals.

 

 

The above image is a classed choropleth map that uses a series of only four colors to divide the data into four equal intervals. The data portrayed in the map comes from the Census Bureau 2000, and gives the proportion of one male to each 100 females in a given state in the 50 United States of America.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Range Graded Proportional Circle Map

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-004-03/

Range graded proportional circle maps show the size of something by comparing it to the size of the circle on the map.

 

The above image is a representation of a Range Graded Proportional Circle Map which portrays river characteristics. The area of the circle is proportional to the channel width. The color of the large circle approximates the color of the water. Descriptions of the bed material are determined by the position of the solid black circle within the black triangle.

Continuously Variable Proportional Circle Map

 

http://personal.frostburg.edu/krtopping0/maps.htm

 

Continuously variable proportional circle maps is a proportional circle map which utilizes circles to create point data. This relates the scales to the specific data. The circles are in proportion to the variable being measured. 

 

The above image is a continuously variable proportional circle map that displays data on the quantity of persons killed by motor vehicle accidents in the year 2000.

DOQQ Map

http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/gis/gishydro00/Class/trmproj/Donnelly/termproject.htm

 

 

A digital orthophoto quadrangle, DOQQ, is a computer-generated image of an aerial photograph in which image displacement caused by terrain relief and camera tilts is removed. It combines the image characteristics of a photograph with the geometric qualities of a map. They contain aerial photography at a resolution of 1 meter.

 

 

The above image is a DOQQ map showing regions located along Lake Travis and containing most of Lago Vista, Texas and parts of Lakeway,Texas and Jonestown, Texas. 

DEM Map

http://eros.usgs.gov/#/Find_Data/Products_and_Data_Available/DEMs

 

 

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) consist of a raster grid of regularly spaced elevation values that have been primarily derived from the USGS topographic map series. DEM or digital elevation models show the different levels on the earths surface and can also be represented as a raster.

 

 

The above image represents a DEM map by digitally displaying ground surface topography and terrain of the given region.

 

 

 

 

 

DLG Map

 

http://weather.unisys.com/usgs/3sec/index.php

 

 

 

A DLG, digital line graphic, map shows data coordinates in cartographic vector form of a certain area. DLG's portray the linear information contained on the USGS topographic maps, such as transportation networks, boundaries, elevation contours, and manmade features

 

 

The image above is a DLG map which shows a subset of the country showing the high resolution 3 second USGS elevation maps.

 

 

 

 

DRG Map

http://www.twohikers.org/westernmtns/PrinceWmSound01/pws2001_day3.htm

 

 

 

DRG maps cover the entire earth and it ups and downs. DRG is a digital raster graphic, usually created from a topographic map. In DRG maps position accuracy will usually match that of the real world.

 

The image above represents a portion of a digital raster graphic from the Humpback Cove region.

Isopleths

http://nature.berkeley.edu/~ajlyons/locoh/

 

 

Isopleths are contouring lines that connect units of equal distance to show 3D figures in a 2D map.   On maps they can be used for mapping elevation, precipitation or any other of a number of measurements. Isopleths is data that cannot be actually collected but it is collected all around the area in question.

 

 

The above image generalizes and simplifies data with a continuous distribution, with 90% isopleths enclosing 90% of all points for a specific unit. The map makes use of Isopleths, creating a home range distribution by first looking at each point and identifying a user-specified number of nearest neighbors.

Isopachs

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Earthscience/Geology/OilandGas/HydrocarbonExploration/GeologicMaps/GeologicMaps.htm

Isopach maps display thickness. These contours connect points of equal thickness. This is commonly thickness of a rock unit, measures the stratigraphic thickness as opposed to vertical thickness.

 

 

The above image is an Isopach map that was constructed by a petroleum geologist over a small gas field. The square sections are one mile on each side and contour the thickness of an individual sandstone. This sandstone is about 45 feet thick in the middle (the hottest pink area), and thins to 20 feet or less around the edges of the gas field.

Isohyets

http://www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/waterpie/precip/precip.cfm

 

 

An isohyet is a map that shows the same amount of rainfall of a certain area on a weather map. Isohyets are the lines shown on the weather maps that show the amount of rain fall.

 

 

The above image is an Isohyet that portrays the mean annual precipitation in the state of California from the years of 1961-1990.

Isotachs

http://expert.weatheronline.co.uk/is10_frame.htm

 

Isotachs are lines on a given surface connecting points with equal wind speeds. Isotachs are often seen on maps in conjunction with isobars. Isotachs are  used by weather services to predict the weather.

 

The above image is an Isotachs map showing the line of equal atmospheric pressure over the British Isles at 10m above the ground. The unit used is kph (kilometers per hour).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Isobars

http://www.halesowenweather.co.uk/pressure_charts.htm

 

Isobars show the speed of wind and the direction.Isobars are lines of equal atmospheric pressure shown on a weather map and each line passes through a given pressure value.

 

The image above is an Isobars map displaying anticyclones, which areas of high pressure (marked H), often associated with settled weather, and also depressions, which are area of low pressure (marked L), associated with unsettles, wet and windy weather.

 

 

 

LIDAR

 

http://www.extension.org/pages/9689/lidar-derived-products

 

LIDAR is a type of remote sensing technology that measures certain properties of scattered light to find the range or other information of a certain target. 

 

 

The above image is a sample of LiDAR-derived Bare Earth and Vegetation Models for a plot in the state of Texas.

Doppler Radar

http://www.al.com/news/huntsville/index.ssf/2008/05/04-week/

 

 

Doppler radar uses the Doppler effect to get velocity data about objects that are at a distance. This is achieved by beaming a microwave towards a target and listening for the reflection. Doppler radar are solar pictures that the weather stations use to see weather.

 

 

The above image represents a Doppler radar reading of strong storms moving eastward across the Tennessee Valley.

Black & White Aerial Photo

 

http://www.jaha.org/edu/flood/rebuild/img/panoramas/index.html

 

 

Black & white aerial photos are shot from space or the sky and are in black and white, using the colors black and white as a filter to filter out certain forms of light so we have a more defined picture of an area. Black & white aerial photos are used in relation to surveying a certain area of land.

 

 

The above image is a black and white aerial photo which depicts downtown Johnstown in the 1950s.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Infrared Aerial Photo

http://www.aerialarchives.com/Aerial-Maps-of-Sonoma-County.htm

 

 

 

Infrared aerial photos are photos taking from space that can have the color adjusted on them. Infrared aerial photography is used to document changes in the environment. It can also be used to see structural damages to buildings, and insects.The use of infrared helps define the terrain; pine trees are red, hardwood trees are gray, and open fields are light pink.

 

The above image is a infrared aerial map of Healdsburg, California in Sonoma County which includes views of the entire county, shows the property lines, as well as the major paved road and also individual cities and townships.

Cartographic Animation

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_mapping

 

Cartographic animation is a map that incorporates animation, or moving images.The point of a cartographic animation is to visualize an event that would not be seen if the maps were viewed without having two maps put together.  These types of maps are able to incorporate time changes as well. Cartographic animations show things in motion, such as in a hurricane or twister.

 

The image above is a cartographic animation of waves that spread across the Indian Ocean after the 2004 Tsunami.

Statistical Map

http://calorielab.com/news/categories/fattest-states/

 

The Statistical map is a type of map that tells you about one certain group of data and shows that increase or decrease in such data. This can measure things such as rainfall, population or who is on the internet, etc.

 

 

The above image is a statistical map portraying data from the CalorieLab’s United States of Obesity here in the U.S. on the rise of obesity in the 50 states.

 

 

Cartogram

 

http://www.infovis.net/printMag.php?num=197&lang=2

 

 

Cartograms are maps where the variable of interests being shown is substituted for land area. In cartograms, the thematic mapping variable is substituted for map area, therefore the geometry or space of the map is distorted. The cartograms visual power and its capacity to reveal information are prominent. The two main types of cartograms area and distance cartograms.

 

The above image is a cartogram of the global population. In this representation size corresponds with relative population, in respect to the global total, living in each country. Notice how China and Japan are considerably bigger than in the typical surface map.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Flow Map

http://www.mekongmigration.org/?page_id=25

 

 

 

Flow maps show movement of objects from one location to another and it is a blend between a map and a flow chart. Flow maps are used for sequencing and ordering information on the movements of anything from people to goods.

 

The above image is a flow map of migration patterns observed by persons in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Isoline Map

 

http://www.middleschoolscience.com/isotherms.htm

 

Isolines, found within an isoline map, join points of equal value on a surface; the lines that connect at specific locations represent an equivalence in data value. This is also known as a contour map, where the contour interval is the distance between contour lines. Isoline maps are maps that show three dimensions on a two dimensional plane and use color and shading and also circles to show deterioration in certain areas. 

 

The image above is an isoline map of North America showing where temperatures are relatively  high and low, and also where temperature changes are gradual or dramatic over a distance.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Proportional Circle Map

http://personal.frostburg.edu/sbriggs0/maps.htm

 

 

Proportional circle maps use different size circles to show a certain amount of things or people in an area or during a specific time. Data is shown in relation to the size of the circles, the larger the circle is the higher the proportion of data is.

 

The above image is a proportional circle map dictating the range of quantity of Walmarts in each state of the U.S. in 2009.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Choropleth Map

http://my.ilstu.edu/~jrcarter/Geo204/Choro/Tom/

 

Choropleth maps are thematic maps that show density based on predefined aerial units.  Think of it as a multi-colored checkerboard map.  Some maps use graded color series to show least intensity to most intense (shown using a light to dark color pattern) in proportion to the measurement of a statistic. It provides an easy way to visualize how a measurement varies across a geographic region.

 

The image above is a choropleth map showing the percentage of hispanic Floridians per county, based on Census Bureau data from 2000.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dot Distribution Map

http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec7.html

 

Dot distribution maps are normally used to show population data in a certain area and also show where data characteristics occur. A Dot distribution map shows where objects are on a map by placing dots in there location to represent them; the concentration of dots reflects the number of occurrences in a particular region.

 

The above image is a dot distribution map used to study population in the U.S. where one dot is equivalent to 100,000 persons.

Propaganda Map

http://alan-smithee.com/?month=201107

A Propaganda Map is a form of communication that is directed at different groups of people, often used by government officials to try to sway the way people think. Propaganda maps use colors and or pictures to portray something that is real, and configure it in such a way that it will cause an individual to think differently about that something that is going on in the world around us.

The image above portrays the propaganda map for the state of Florida. This map enhances things that the state has to offer and gives a distorted view to outsiders of life in Florida.

Hyposometric Map

http://www.izera-darksky.eu/izera/izera-en.html

 

 

Hypsometric maps, also called relief maps use tint shading, contour lines, batching, or colors or to show certain elevations or terrains in an area. Showing elevation is accomplished by using a succession of colors. The colors vary based on certain intervals of land elevation. They usually follow the rule of "higher is brighter" meaning that the darker the color the higher the terrain.

 

This image is a hypsometric map that represents the Izera Mountains along with the elevation of terrain, with colors, shading, and contour lines.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PLSS Map

http://www.fairview-industries.com/standardmodule/mn-exmpl.htm

 

 

 

PLSS maps are Public Land Survey System maps that survey and identify land parcels, usually for deeds, rural, or wild areas. It is often known as the rectangular survey system, although non rectangular methods can be used.PLSS is supposed to benefit the citizens of the United States so they can better understand where all of the public land is.

 

The above image is a PLSS map displaying divisions and subdivisions of a region of land.

 

 

 

 

 

Cadastral Map

http://www.dalisproject.org/(S(hbx31j55koa5arz0g2iggd55))/pages/findMapsheet.aspx

 

 

 

 

 

Cadastral maps provide detailed information about real property within a specific area. A cadastral map shows boundary and ownership of specific parcels of land and survey lines, making places tangible to outsiders. It also allows states, cities, and towns to collect data on their subjects. It often includes street names, lot numbers, and other information useful when it comes to dividing land.

 

The above image is a cadastral map of Delaware County

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thematic Map

http://soils.usda.gov/use/thematic/index.html

A thematic map is designed to specifically address a certain theme within a geographic area. The themes are represented by shades of color and can portray physical, social, political, geographical, cultural, economical or any other aspect of a given region.

The above image is a thematic map of the U.S. showing the effects of a drought across the land.